Virtual Solutions : Resources : Documentation : Perl POD : perltoc - perl documentation table of contents


NAME

perltoc - perl documentation table of contents

DESCRIPTION

This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through to locate the proper section you're looking for.

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

perl - Practical Extraction and Report Language

SYNOPSIS

Overview

Tutorials

Reference Manual

Internals and C Language Interface

Miscellaneous

Language-Specific

Platform-Specific

.

DESCRIPTION

AVAILABILITY

ENVIRONMENT

AUTHOR

FILES

SEE ALSO

DIAGNOSTICS

BUGS

NOTES

.

perlintro -- a brief introduction and overview of Perl

DESCRIPTION

What is Perl?

Running Perl programs

Basic syntax overview

Perl variable types
Scalars, Arrays, Hashes

Variable scoping

Conditional and looping constructs
if, while, for, foreach

Builtin operators and functions
Arithmetic, Numeric comparison, String comparison, Boolean logic, Miscellaneous

Files and I/O

Regular expressions
Simple matching, Simple substitution, More complex regular expressions, Parentheses for capturing, Other regexp features

Writing subroutines

OO Perl

Using Perl modules

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AUTHOR

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perlfaq - frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2002/03/11

21:32:23 $)

DESCRIPTION

perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ.

perlfaq1: General Questions About Perl

perlfaq2: Obtaining and Learning about Perl

perlfaq3: Programming Tools

perlfaq4: Data Manipulation

perlfaq5: Files and Formats

perlfaq6: Regular Expressions

perlfaq7: General Perl Language Issues

perlfaq8: System Interaction

perlfaq9: Networking

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About the perlfaq documents

Where to get the perlfaq

How to contribute to the perlfaq

What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
authors

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Credits

Author and Copyright Information

Bundled Distributions

Disclaimer

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Changes
1/November/2000, 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97

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perlbook - Perl book information

DESCRIPTION

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perlsyn - Perl syntax

DESCRIPTION

Declarations

Simple statements

Compound statements

Loop Control

For Loops

Foreach Loops

Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements

Goto

PODs: Embedded Documentation

Plain Old Comments (Not!)

.

.

perldata - Perl data types

DESCRIPTION

Variable names

Context

Scalar values

Scalar value constructors

List value constructors

Slices

Typeglobs and Filehandles

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SEE ALSO

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perlop - Perl operators and precedence

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Terms and List Operators (Leftward)

The Arrow Operator

Auto-increment and Auto-decrement

Exponentiation

Symbolic Unary Operators

Binding Operators

Multiplicative Operators

Additive Operators

Shift Operators

Named Unary Operators

Relational Operators

Equality Operators

Bitwise And

Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or

C-style Logical And

C-style Logical Or

Range Operators

Conditional Operator

Assignment Operators

Comma Operator

List Operators (Rightward)

Logical Not

Logical And

Logical or and Exclusive Or

C Operators Missing From Perl
unary &, unary *, (TYPE)

Quote and Quote-like Operators

Regexp Quote-Like Operators
?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, 'STRING' , qq/STRING/, ``STRING'', qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, `STRING`, qw/STRING/, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, <<EOF

Gory details of parsing quoted constructs
Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation, C<<<'EOF'>, m'' , s''' , tr/// , y/// , '', q// , ``'', `` , qq// , qx// , C<< <file*glob> >>, ?RE?, /RE/, m/RE/ , s/RE/foo/ ,, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of regular expressions

I/O Operators

Constant Folding

Bitwise String Operators

Integer Arithmetic

Floating-point Arithmetic

Bigger Numbers

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perlsub - Perl subroutines

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Private Variables via my()

Persistent Private Variables

Temporary Values via local()

Lvalue subroutines
Lvalue subroutines are EXPERIMENTAL

Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)

When to Still Use local()

Pass by Reference

Prototypes

Constant Functions

Overriding Built-in Functions

Autoloading

Subroutine Attributes

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SEE ALSO

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perlfunc - Perl builtin functions

DESCRIPTION

Perl Functions by Category
Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted in perl5

Portability

Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X , abs VALUE, abs, accept NEWSOCKET,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS, alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE, LAYER, binmode FILEHANDLE, bless REF,CLASSNAME, bless REF, caller EXPR, caller, chdir EXPR, chmod LIST, chomp VARIABLE, chomp( LIST ), chomp, chop VARIABLE, chop( LIST ), chop, chown LIST, chr NUMBER, chr, chroot FILENAME, chroot, close FILEHANDLE, close, closedir DIRHANDLE, connect SOCKET,NAME, continue BLOCK, cos EXPR, cos, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR, defined, delete EXPR, die LIST, do BLOCK, do SUBROUTINE(LIST), do EXPR, dump LABEL, dump, each HASH, eof FILEHANDLE, eof (), eof, eval EXPR, eval BLOCK, exec LIST, exec PROGRAM LIST, exists EXPR, exit EXPR, exp EXPR, exp, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, format, formline PICTURE,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE, getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, gethostbyname NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getprotobyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getservbyname NAME,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, gmtime EXPR, goto LABEL, goto EXPR, goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST, grep EXPR,LIST, hex EXPR, hex, import, index STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR,SUBSTR, int EXPR, int, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR,LIST, keys HASH, kill SIGNAL, LIST, last LABEL, last, lc EXPR, lc, lcfirst EXPR, lcfirst, length EXPR, length, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR, localtime EXPR, lock THING, log EXPR, log, lstat EXPR, lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST, map EXPR,LIST, mkdir FILENAME,MASK, mkdir FILENAME, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR, my TYPE EXPR, my EXPR : ATTRS, my TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, next LABEL, next, no Module VERSION LIST, no Module VERSION, no Module LIST, no Module, oct EXPR, oct, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,EXPR,LIST, open FILEHANDLE,MODE,REFERENCE, open FILEHANDLE, opendir DIRHANDLE,EXPR, ord EXPR, ord, our EXPR, our EXPR TYPE, our EXPR : ATTRS, our TYPE EXPR : ATTRS, pack TEMPLATE,LIST, package NAMESPACE, package, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY, pop, pos SCALAR, pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST, print LIST, print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT, LIST, printf FORMAT, LIST, prototype FUNCTION, push ARRAY,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR, quotemeta, rand EXPR, rand, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE, readline EXPR, readlink EXPR, readlink, readpipe EXPR, recv SOCKET,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL, redo, ref EXPR, ref, rename OLDNAME,NEWNAME, require VERSION, require EXPR, require, reset EXPR, reset, return EXPR, return, reverse LIST, rewinddir DIRHANDLE, rindex STR,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME, rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR, seek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE,POS, select FILEHANDLE, select, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY, shift, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET,HOW, sin EXPR, sin, sleep EXPR, sleep, socket SOCKET,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST, sort BLOCK LIST, sort LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY,OFFSET, splice ARRAY, split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT, LIST, format parameter index, flags, vector flag, (minimum) width, precision, or maximum width, size, order of arguments, sqrt EXPR, sqrt, srand EXPR, srand, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, study SCALAR, study, sub NAME BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) BLOCK, sub NAME : ATTRS BLOCK, sub NAME (PROTO) : ATTRS BLOCK, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr EXPR,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST, system PROGRAM LIST, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH, syswrite FILEHANDLE,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE, tell, telldir DIRHANDLE, tie VARIABLE,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE, time, times, tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, uc EXPR, uc, ucfirst EXPR, ucfirst, umask EXPR, umask, undef EXPR, undef, unlink LIST, unlink, unpack TEMPLATE,EXPR, untie VARIABLE, unshift ARRAY,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST, use Module VERSION, use Module LIST, use Module, use VERSION, utime LIST, values HASH, vec EXPR,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST, write FILEHANDLE, write EXPR, write, y///

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perlreftut - Mark's very short tutorial about references

DESCRIPTION

Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?

The Solution

Syntax

Making References

Using References

.

An Example

Arrow Rule

Solution

The Rest

Summary

Credits

Distribution Conditions

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perldsc - Perl Data Structures Cookbook

DESCRIPTION
arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes, more elaborate constructs

REFERENCES

COMMON MISTAKES

CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE

WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS use strict

DEBUGGING

CODE EXAMPLES

ARRAYS OF ARRAYS

Declaration of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

Generation of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF ARRAYS

.

HASHES OF ARRAYS

Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS

Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS

Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS

.

ARRAYS OF HASHES

Declaration of an ARRAY OF HASHES

Generation of an ARRAY OF HASHES

Access and Printing of an ARRAY OF HASHES

.

HASHES OF HASHES

Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES

Generation of a HASH OF HASHES

Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES

.

MORE ELABORATE RECORDS

Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS

Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS

Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS

.

Database Ties

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

.

perlrequick - Perl regular expressions quick start

DESCRIPTION

The Guide

Simple word matching

Using character classes

Matching this or that

Grouping things and hierarchical matching

Extracting matches

Matching repetitions

More matching

Search and replace

The split operator

.

BUGS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

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perlpod - the Plain Old Documentation format

DESCRIPTION

Ordinary Paragraph

Verbatim Paragraph

Command Paragraph
=head1 I=head2 I=head4 I=over Istuff...>, =back, =cut, =pod, =begin Iformatname>, =for I text...>

Formatting Codes
I<text> -- italic text, B<text> -- bold text, C<code> -- code text, L<name> -- a hyperlink, E<escape> -- a character escape, F<filename> -- used for filenames, S<text> -- text contains non-breaking spaces, X<topic name> -- an index entry, Z<> -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code

The Intent

Embedding Pods in Perl Modules

Hints for Writing Pod

.

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

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perlpodspec - Plain Old Documentation: format specification and

notes

DESCRIPTION

Pod Definitions

Pod Commands
``=head1'', ``=head2'', ``=head3'', ``=head4'', ``=pod'', ``=cut'', ``=over'', ``=item'', ``=back'', ``=begin formatname'', ``=end formatname'', ``=for formatname text...''

Pod Formatting Codes
I<text> -- italic text, B<text> -- bold text, C<code> -- code text, F<filename> -- style for filenames, X<topic name> -- an index entry, Z<> -- a null (zero-effect) formatting code, L<name> -- a hyperlink, E<escape> -- a character escape, S<text> -- text contains non-breaking spaces

Notes on Implementing Pod Processors

About L<...> Codes
First:, Second:, Third:, Fourth:, Fifth:, Sixth:

About =over...=back Regions

About Data Paragraphs and ``=begin/=end'' Regions

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

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perlstyle - Perl style guide

DESCRIPTION

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perltrap - Perl traps for the unwary

DESCRIPTION

Awk Traps

C Traps

Sed Traps

Shell Traps

Perl Traps

Perl4 to Perl5 Traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps - scalar, list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps

Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps
Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance

Parsing Traps
Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing

Numerical Traps
Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops

General data type traps
(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String), (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)

Context Traps - scalar, list contexts
(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)

Precedence Traps
Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence

General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.
Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression

Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps
(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won't let you specify a filehandle

OS Traps
(SysV), (SysV)

Interpolation Traps
Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation

DBM Traps
DBM, DBM

Unclassified Traps
require / do trap using returned value, split on empty string with LIMIT specified

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perlrun - how to execute the Perl interpreter

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

#! and quoting on non-Unix systems
OS/2, MS-DOS, Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS

Location of Perl

Command Switches
-0[digits], -a , -C , -c , -d , -d: foo[=bar,baz], -D letters, -D number, -e commandline, -F pattern, -h , -i [extension], -I directory, -l [octnum], -m [-]module, -M [-]module, -M [-]'module ...', -[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., -n , -p , -P , -s , -S , -t , -T , -u , -U , -v , -V , -V: name, -w , -W , -X , -x directory

.

ENVIRONMENT
HOME, LOGDIR, PATH, PERL5LIB, PERL5OPT, PERLIO, :bytes, :crlf, :mmap, :perlio, :raw, :stdio, :unix, :utf8, :win32, PERLIO_DEBUG, PERLLIB, PERL5DB, PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS, PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL, PERL_ENCODING, PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)

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perldiag - various Perl diagnostics

DESCRIPTION

.

perllexwarn - Perl Lexical Warnings

DESCRIPTION

Default Warnings and Optional Warnings

What's wrong with -w and $^ W

Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
-w , -W , -X

Backward Compatibility

Category Hierarchy

Fatal Warnings

Reporting Warnings from a Module

.

TODO

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

.

perldebtut - Perl debugging tutorial

DESCRIPTION

use strict

Looking at data and -w and v

help

Stepping through code

Placeholder for a, w, t, T

REGULAR EXPRESSIONS

OUTPUT TIPS

CGI

GUIs

SUMMARY

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

CONTRIBUTORS

.

perldebug - Perl debugging

DESCRIPTION

The Perl Debugger

Debugger Commands
h, h [command], h h, p expr, x [maxdepth] expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], y [level [vars]], T, s [expr], n [expr], r, <CR>, c [line|sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, -, v [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L [abw], S [[!]regex], t, t expr, b, b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, B line, B *, a [line] command, A line, A *, w expr, W expr, W *, o, o booloption .., o anyoption? .., o option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >> command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! -number, ! pattern, !! cmd, source file, H -number, q or ^D, R, |dbcmd, ||dbcmd, command, m expr, M, man [manpage]

Configurable Options
recallCommand, ShellBang, pager, tkRunning, signalLevel, warnLevel, dieLevel, AutoTrace, LineInfo, inhibit_exit, PrintRet, ornaments, frame, maxTraceLen, windowSize, arrayDepth, hashDepth, dumpDepth, compactDump, veryCompact, globPrint, DumpDBFiles, DumpPackages, DumpReused, quote, HighBit, undefPrint, UsageOnly, TTY, noTTY, ReadLine, NonStop

Debugger input/output
Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame listing

Debugging compile-time statements

Debugger Customization

Readline Support

Editor Support for Debugging

The Perl Profiler

.

Debugging regular expressions

Debugging memory usage

SEE ALSO

BUGS

.

perlvar - Perl predefined variables

DESCRIPTION

Predefined Names
$ARG , $_ , $a , $b , $<digits>, $MATCH , $&amp;, $PREMATCH , $`, $POSTMATCH , $', $LAST_PAREN_MATCH , $+, $^ N, @LAST_MATCH_END , @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING , $*, HANDLE->input_line_number(EXPR), $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER , $NR , $, IO::Handle->input_record_separator(EXPR), $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR , $RS , $/, HANDLE->autoflush(EXPR), $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH , $|, IO::Handle->output_field_separator EXPR, $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR , $OFS , $,, IO::Handle->output_record_separator EXPR, $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR , $ORS , $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR , $", $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR , $SUBSEP , $;, $OFMT , $#, HANDLE->format_page_number(EXPR), $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER , $%, HANDLE->format_lines_per_page(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE , $=, HANDLE->format_lines_left(EXPR), $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT , $-, @LAST_MATCH_START , @-, $` is the same as substr($var, 0, $-[0]) , $&amp; is the same as substr($var, $-[0], $+[0] - $-[0]) , $' is the same as C$var, $+[0])>, $1 is the same as substr($var, $-[1], $+[1] - $-[1]) , $2 is the same as substr($var, $-[2], $+[2] - $-[2]) , $3 is the same as substr $var, $-[3], $+[3] - $-[3]) , HANDLE->format_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_NAME , $~, HANDLE->format_top_name(EXPR), $FORMAT_TOP_NAME , $^, IO::Handle->format_line_break_characters EXPR, $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS , $: , IO::Handle->format_formfeed EXPR, $FORMAT_FORMFEED , $^ L, $ACCUMULATOR , $^ A, $CHILD_ERROR , $?, ${^ENCODING}, $OS_ERROR , $ERRNO , $!, %!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR , $^ E, $EVAL_ERROR , $@, $PROCESS_ID , $PID , $$, $REAL_USER_ID , $UID , $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID , $EUID , $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID , $GID , $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID , $EGID , $), $PROGRAM_NAME , $0 , $[, $], $COMPILING , $^ C, $DEBUGGING , $^ D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX , $^ F, $^ H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT , $^ I, $^ M, $OSNAME , $^ O, ${^OPEN}, $PERLDB , $^ P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT , $^ R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT , $^ S, $BASETIME , $^ T, ${^TAINT}, $PERL_VERSION , $^ V, $WARNING , $^ W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME , $^ X, ARGV, $ARGV , @ARGV , ARGVOUT, @F , @INC , @_ , %INC , %ENV , $ENV{expr}, %SIG , $SIG{expr}

Error Indicators

Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names

.

BUGS

.

perllol - Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl

DESCRIPTION

Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays

Growing Your Own

Access and Printing

Slices

.

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR

.

perlopentut - tutorial on opening things in Perl

DESCRIPTION

Open à la shell

Simple Opens

Pipe Opens

The Minus File

Mixing Reads and Writes

Filters

.

Open à la C

Permissions à la mode

.

Obscure Open Tricks

Re-Opening Files (dups)

Dispelling the Dweomer

Paths as Opens

Single Argument Open

Playing with STDIN and STDOUT

.

Other I/O Issues

Opening Non-File Files

Binary Files

File Locking

IO Layers

.

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR and COPYRIGHT

HISTORY

.

perlpacktut - tutorial on C and C

DESCRIPTION

The Basic Principle

Packing Text

Packing Numbers

Integers

Unpacking a Stack Frame

How to Eat an Egg on a Net

Floating point Numbers

.

Exotic Templates

Bit Strings

Uuencoding

Doing Sums

Unicode

Another Portable Binary Encoding

.

Lengths and Widths

String Lengths

Dynamic Templates

.

Packing and Unpacking C Structures

The Alignment Pit

Alignment, Take 2

Alignment, Take 3

Pointers for How to Use Them

.

Pack Recipes

Funnies Section

Authors

.

perlretut - Perl regular expressions tutorial

DESCRIPTION

Part 1: The basics

Simple word matching

Using character classes

Matching this or that

Grouping things and hierarchical matching

Extracting matches

Matching repetitions

Building a regexp

Using regular expressions in Perl

.

Part 2: Power tools

More on characters, strings, and character classes

Compiling and saving regular expressions

Embedding comments and modifiers in a regular expression

Non-capturing groupings

Looking ahead and looking behind

Using independent subexpressions to prevent backtracking

Conditional expressions

A bit of magic: executing Perl code in a regular expression

Pragmas and debugging

.

BUGS

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

.

.

perlre - Perl regular expressions

DESCRIPTION
i, m, s, x

Regular Expressions
[1], [2], [3], cntrl, graph, print, punct, xdigit

Extended Patterns
(?#text), (?imsx-imsx), (?:pattern), (?imsx-imsx:pattern), (?=pattern), (?!pattern), (?<=pattern), (?<!pattern), C<(?{ code })>, (??{ code }), C<< (?>pattern) >>, (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern), (?(condition)yes-pattern)

Backtracking

Version 8 Regular Expressions

Warning on \1 vs $1

Repeated patterns matching zero-length substring

Combining pieces together
ST, S|T, S{REPEAT_COUNT}, S{min,max}, S{min,max}?, S?, S*, S+, S??, S*?, S+?, C<< (?>S) >>, (?=S), (?<=S), (?!S), (?<!S), (??{ EXPR }), (?(condition)yes-pattern|no-pattern)

Creating custom RE engines

.

BUGS

SEE ALSO

.

perlref - Perl references and nested data structures

NOTE

DESCRIPTION

Making References

Using References

Symbolic references

Not-so-symbolic references

Pseudo-hashes: Using an array as a hash

Function Templates

.

WARNING

SEE ALSO

.

perlform - Perl formats

DESCRIPTION

Format Variables

.

NOTES

Footers

Accessing Formatting Internals

.

WARNINGS

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perlboot - Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial

DESCRIPTION

If we could talk to the animals...

Introducing the method invocation arrow

Invoking a barnyard

The extra parameter of method invocation

Calling a second method to simplify things

Inheriting the windpipes

A few notes about @ISA

Overriding the methods

Starting the search from a different place

The SUPER way of doing things

Where we're at so far...

A horse is a horse, of course of course -- or is it?

Invoking an instance method

Accessing the instance data

How to build a horse

Inheriting the constructor

Making a method work with either classes or instances

Adding parameters to a method

More interesting instances

A horse of a different color

Summary

.

SEE ALSO

COPYRIGHT

.

perltoot - Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl

DESCRIPTION

Creating a Class

Object Representation

Class Interface

Constructors and Instance Methods

Planning for the Future: Better Constructors

Destructors

Other Object Methods

.

Class Data

Accessing Class Data

Debugging Methods

Class Destructors

Documenting the Interface

.

Aggregation

Inheritance

Overridden Methods

Multiple Inheritance

UNIVERSAL: The Root of All Objects

.

Alternate Object Representations

Arrays as Objects

Closures as Objects

.

AUTOLOAD: Proxy Methods

Autoloaded Data Methods

Inherited Autoloaded Data Methods

.

Metaclassical Tools

Class::Struct

Data Members as Variables

.

NOTES

Object Terminology

.

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

.

.

perltooc - Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl

DESCRIPTION

Class Data in a Can

Class Data as Package Variables

Putting All Your Eggs in One Basket

Inheritance Concerns

The Eponymous Meta-Object

Indirect References to Class Data

Monadic Classes

Translucent Attributes

.

Class Data as Lexical Variables

Privacy and Responsibility

File-Scoped Lexicals

More Inheritance Concerns

Locking the Door and Throwing Away the Key

Translucency Revisited

.

NOTES

SEE ALSO

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

HISTORY

.

perlobj - Perl objects

DESCRIPTION

An Object is Simply a Reference

A Class is Simply a Package

A Method is Simply a Subroutine

Method Invocation

Indirect Object Syntax

Default UNIVERSAL methods
isa(CLASS), can(METHOD), VERSION( [NEED] )

Destructors

Summary

Two-Phased Garbage Collection

.

SEE ALSO

.

perlbot - Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)

DESCRIPTION

OO SCALING TIPS

INSTANCE VARIABLES

SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES

INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE

OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS

OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS

USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM

THINKING OF CODE REUSE

CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT

INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR

DELEGATION

.

perltie - how to hide an object class in a simple variable

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Tying Scalars
TIESCALAR classname, LIST, FETCH this, STORE this, value, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying Arrays
TIEARRAY classname, LIST, FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value, FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, PUSH this, LIST, POP this, SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST, SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying Hashes
USER, HOME, CLOBBER, LIST, TIEHASH classname, LIST, FETCH this, key, STORE this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying FileHandles
TIEHANDLE classname, LIST, WRITE this, LIST, PRINT this, LIST, PRINTF this, LIST, READ this, LIST, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

UNTIE this

The untie Gotcha

.

SEE ALSO

BUGS

AUTHOR

.

perlipc - Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes,

safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)

DESCRIPTION

Signals

Handling the SIGHUP Signal in Daemons

.

Named Pipes

Deferred Signals
Long running opcodes, Interrupting IO, Signals as ``faults'', Signals triggered by operating system state

.

Using open() for IPC

Filehandles

Background Processes

Complete Dissociation of Child from Parent

Safe Pipe Opens

Bidirectional Communication with Another Process

Bidirectional Communication with Yourself

.

Sockets: Client/Server Communication

Internet Line Terminators

Internet TCP Clients and Servers

Unix-Domain TCP Clients and Servers

.

TCP Clients with IO::Socket

A Simple Client
Proto, PeerAddr, PeerPort

A Webget Client

Interactive Client with IO::Socket

.

TCP Servers with IO::Socket
Proto, LocalPort, Listen, Reuse

UDP: Message Passing

SysV IPC

NOTES

BUGS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

.

perlfork - Perl's fork() emulation

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Behavior of other Perl features in forked pseudo-processes
$$ or $PROCESS_ID , %ENV , chdir() and all other builtins that accept filenames, wait() and waitpid() , kill() , exec() , exit() , Open handles to files, directories and network sockets

Resource limits

Killing the parent process

Lifetime of the parent process and pseudo-processes

CAVEATS AND LIMITATIONS
BEGIN blocks, Open filehandles, Forking pipe open() not yet implemented, Global state maintained by XSUBs, Interpreter embedded in larger application, Thread-safety of extensions

.

BUGS

AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

.

perlnumber - semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

Storing numbers

Numeric operators and numeric conversions

Flavors of Perl numeric operations
Arithmetic operators, ++, Arithmetic operators during use integer , Other mathematical operators, Bitwise operators, Bitwise operators during C
AUTHOR

SEE ALSO

.

perlthrtut - tutorial on threads in Perl

DESCRIPTION

Status

What Is A Thread Anyway?

Threaded Program Models

Boss/Worker

Work Crew

Pipeline

.

Native threads

What kind of threads are Perl threads?

Thread-Safe Modules

Thread Basics

Basic Thread Support

A Note about the Examples

Creating Threads

Giving up control

Waiting For A Thread To Exit

Ignoring A Thread

.

Threads And Data

Shared And Unshared Data

Thread Pitfalls: Races

.

Synchronization and control

Controlling access: lock()

A Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks

Queues: Passing Data Around

Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access

Basic semaphores

Advanced Semaphores

cond_wait() and cond_signal()

.

General Thread Utility Routines

What Thread Am I In?

Thread IDs

Are These Threads The Same?

What Threads Are Running?

.

A Complete Example

Performance considerations

Process-scope Changes

Thread-Safety of System Libraries

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introductory Texts

OS-Related References

Other References

.

Acknowledgements

AUTHOR

Copyrights

.

perlothrtut - old tutorial on threads in Perl

DESCRIPTION

What Is A Thread Anyway?

Threaded Program Models

Boss/Worker

Work Crew

Pipeline

.

Native threads

What kind of threads are perl threads?

Threadsafe Modules

Thread Basics

Basic Thread Support

Creating Threads

Giving up control

Waiting For A Thread To Exit

Errors In Threads

Ignoring A Thread

.

Threads And Data

Shared And Unshared Data

Thread Pitfall: Races

Controlling access: lock()

Thread Pitfall: Deadlocks

Queues: Passing Data Around

.

Threads And Code

Semaphores: Synchronizing Data Access
Basic semaphores, Advanced Semaphores

Attributes: Restricting Access To Subroutines

Subroutine Locks

Methods

Locking A Subroutine

.

General Thread Utility Routines

What Thread Am I In?

Thread IDs

Are These Threads The Same?

What Threads Are Running?

.

A Complete Example

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introductory Texts

OS-Related References

Other References

.

Acknowledgements

AUTHOR

Copyrights

.

perlport - Writing portable Perl

DESCRIPTION
Not all Perl programs have to be portable, Nearly all of Perl already is portable

ISSUES

Newlines

Numbers endianness and Width

Files and Filesystems

System Interaction

Command names versus file pathnames

Interprocess Communication (IPC)

External Subroutines (XS)

Standard Modules

Time and Date

Character sets and character encoding

Internationalisation

System Resources

Security

Style

.

CPAN Testers
Mailing list: cpan-testers@perl.org, Testing results: http://testers.cpan.org/

PLATFORMS

Unix

DOS and Derivatives

Mac OS

VMS

VOS

EBCDIC Platforms

Acorn RISC OS

Other perls

.

FUNCTION IMPLEMENTATIONS

Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions
-X FILEHANDLE, -X EXPR, -X, alarm SECONDS, alarm, binmode FILEHANDLE, chmod LIST, chown LIST, chroot FILENAME, chroot, crypt PLAINTEXT,SALT, dbmclose HASH, dbmopen HASH,DBNAME,MODE, dump LABEL, exec LIST, exit EXPR, exit, fcntl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, flock FILEHANDLE,OPERATION, fork, getlogin, getpgrp PID, getppid, getpriority WHICH,WHO, getpwnam NAME, getgrnam NAME, getnetbyname NAME, getpwuid UID, getgrgid GID, getnetbyaddr ADDR,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER, getservbyport PORT,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, sethostent STAYOPEN, setnetent STAYOPEN, setprotoent STAYOPEN, setservent STAYOPEN, endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR, glob, ioctl FILEHANDLE,FUNCTION,SCALAR, kill SIGNAL, LIST, link OLDFILE,NEWFILE, lstat FILEHANDLE, lstat EXPR, lstat, msgctl ID,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY,FLAGS, msgsnd ID,MSG,FLAGS, msgrcv ID,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, open FILEHANDLE,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE, pipe READHANDLE,WRITEHANDLE, readlink EXPR, readlink, select RBITS,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY,OPSTRING, setgrent, setpgrp PID,PGRP, setpriority WHICH,WHO,PRIORITY, setpwent, setsockopt SOCKET,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shmctl ID,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID,STRING,POS,SIZE, sockatmark SOCKET, socketpair SOCKET1,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, stat FILEHANDLE, stat EXPR, stat, symlink OLDFILE,NEWFILE, syscall LIST, sysopen FILEHANDLE,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, system LIST, times, truncate FILEHANDLE,LENGTH, truncate EXPR,LENGTH, umask EXPR, umask, utime LIST, wait, waitpid PID,FLAGS

.

CHANGES
v1.48, 02 February 2001, v1.47, 22 March 2000, v1.46, 12 February 2000, v1.45, 20 December 1999, v1.44, 19 July 1999, v1.43, 24 May 1999, v1.42, 22 May 1999, v1.41, 19 May 1999, v1.40, 11 April 1999, v1.39, 11 February 1999, v1.38, 31 December 1998, v1.37, 19 December 1998, v1.36, 9 September 1998, v1.35, 13 August 1998, v1.33, 06 August 1998, v1.32, 05 August 1998, v1.30, 03 August 1998, v1.23, 10 July 1998

Supported Platforms

SEE ALSO

AUTHORS / CONTRIBUTORS

.

perllocale - Perl locale handling (internationalization and

localization)

DESCRIPTION

PREPARING TO USE LOCALES

USING LOCALES

The use locale pragma

The setlocale function

Finding locales

LOCALE PROBLEMS

Temporarily fixing locale problems

Permanently fixing locale problems

Permanently fixing your system's locale configuration

Fixing system locale configuration

The localeconv function

I18N::Langinfo

.

LOCALE CATEGORIES

Category LC_COLLATE: Collation

Category LC_CTYPE: Character Types

Category LC_NUMERIC: Numeric Formatting

Category LC_MONETARY: Formatting of monetary amounts

LC_TIME

Other categories

.

SECURITY

ENVIRONMENT
PERL_BADLANG, LC_ALL, LANGUAGE, LC_CTYPE, LC_COLLATE, LC_MONETARY, LC_NUMERIC, LC_TIME, LANG

NOTES

Backward compatibility

I18N:Collate obsolete

Sort speed and memory use impacts

write() and LC_NUMERIC

Freely available locale definitions

I18n and l10n

An imperfect standard

.

Unicode and UTF-8

BUGS

Broken systems

.

SEE ALSO

HISTORY

.

perluniintro - Perl Unicode introduction

DESCRIPTION

Unicode

Perl's Unicode Support

Perl's Unicode Model

Unicode and EBCDIC

Creating Unicode

Handling Unicode

Legacy Encodings

Unicode I/O

Displaying Unicode As Text

Special Cases

Advanced Topics

Miscellaneous

Questions With Answers

Hexadecimal Notation

Further Resources

.

UNICODE IN OLDER PERLS

SEE ALSO

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUTHOR, COPYRIGHT, AND LICENSE

.

perlunicode - Unicode support in Perl

DESCRIPTION

Important Caveats
Input and Output Layers, Regular Expressions, use utf8 still needed to enable UTF-8/UTF-EBCDIC in scripts

Byte and Character Semantics

Effects of Character Semantics

Scripts

Blocks

User-Defined Character Properties

Character Encodings for Input and Output

Unicode Regular Expression Support Level

Unicode Encodings

Security Implications of Unicode

Unicode in Perl on EBCDIC

Locales

Using Unicode in XS

.

BUGS

Interaction with Locales

Interaction with Extensions

Speed

.

SEE ALSO

.

perlebcdic - Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms

DESCRIPTION

COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

ASCII

ISO 8859

Latin 1 (ISO 8859-1)

EBCDIC

13 variant characters

0037

1047

POSIX-BC

Unicode code points versus EBCDIC code points

Remaining Perl Unicode problems in EBCDIC

Unicode and UTF

Using Encode

.

SINGLE OCTET TABLES
recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4, recipe 5, recipe 6

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS

CONVERSIONS

tr///

iconv

C RTL

.

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES

FUNCTION DIFFERENCES
chr() , ord() , pack() , print() , printf() , sort() , sprintf() , unpack()

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES

SOCKETS

SORTING

Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.

MONO CASE then sort data.

Convert, sort data, then re convert.

Perform sorting on one type of machine only.

.

TRANSFORMATION FORMATS

URL decoding and encoding

uu encoding and decoding

Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding

Caesarian ciphers

.

Hashing order and checksums

I18N AND L10N

MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS

OS ISSUES

OS/400
IFS access

OS/390, z/OS
chcp, dataset access, OS/390, z/OS iconv, locales

VM/ESA?

POSIX-BC?

.

BUGS

SEE ALSO

REFERENCES

HISTORY

AUTHOR

.

perlsec - Perl security

DESCRIPTION

Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data

Switches On the ``#!'' Line

Cleaning Up Your Path

Security Bugs

Protecting Your Programs

Unicode

.

SEE ALSO

.

perlmod - Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)

DESCRIPTION

Packages

Symbol Tables

Package Constructors and Destructors

Perl Classes

Perl Modules

Making your module threadsafe

.

SEE ALSO

.

perlmodinstall - Installing CPAN Modules

DESCRIPTION

PREAMBLE
DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module

.

PORTABILITY

HEY

AUTHOR

COPYRIGHT

.

perlmodlib - constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones

DESCRIPTION

THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY

Pragmatic Modules
attributes, attrs, autouse, base, bigint, bignum, bigrat, blib, bytes, charnames, constant, diagnostics, encoding, fields, filetest, if, integer, less, locale, open, ops, overload, re, sigtrap, sort, strict, subs, threads, utf8, vars, vmsish, warnings, warnings::register

Standard Modules
AnyDBM_File, Attribute::Handlers, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI, CGI::Apache, CGI::Carp, CGI::Cookie, CGI::Fast, CGI::Pretty, CGI::Push, CGI::Switch, CGI::Util, CPAN, CPAN::FirstTime, CPAN::Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy, Class::ISA, Class::Struct, Config, Cwd, DB, DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, Digest, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, Encode, English, Env, Errno, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Command::MM, ExtUtils::Constant, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM, ExtUtils::MM_Any, ExtUtils::MM_BeOS, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_DOS, ExtUtils::MM_MacOS, ExtUtils::MM_NW5, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_UWIN, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MM_Win95, ExtUtils::MY, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Cygwin, File::Spec::Epoc, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, Filter::Simple, FindBin, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, Hash::Util, I18N::Collate, I18N::LangTags, I18N::LangTags::List, IO, IPC::Open2, IPC::Open3, Locale::Constants, Locale::Country, Locale::Currency, Locale::Language, Locale::Maketext, Locale::Maketext::TPJ13, Locale::Script, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::BigInt::Calc, Math::BigRat, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Memoize, Memoize::AnyDBM_File, Memoize::Expire, Memoize::ExpireFile, Memoize::ExpireTest, Memoize::NDBM_File, Memoize::SDBM_File, Memoize::Storable, NDBM_File, NEXT, Net::Cmd, Net::Config, Net::Domain, Net::FTP, Net::NNTP, Net::Netrc, Net::POP3, Net::Ping, Net::SMTP, Net::Time, Net::hostent, Net::libnetFAQ, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, ODBM_File, Opcode, POSIX, PerlIO, PerlIO::via::Quote