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• NAME
• SYNOPSIS
• DESCRIPTION
• METHODS
• Argspec
• Events
• Unicode
• VERSION 2 COMPATIBILITY
• SUBCLASSING
• EXAMPLES
• BUGS
• DIAGNOSTICS
• SEE ALSO
• COPYRIGHT

NAME

HTML::Parser - HTML parser class

SYNOPSIS

 use HTML::Parser ();

 # Create parser object
 $p = HTML::Parser->new( api_version => 3,
                         start_h => [\&start, "tagname, attr"],
                         end_h   => [\&end,   "tagname"],
                         marked_sections => 1,
                       );

 # Parse document text chunk by chunk
 $p->parse($chunk1);
 $p->parse($chunk2);
 #...
 $p->eof;                 # signal end of document

 # Parse directly from file
 $p->parse_file("foo.html");
 # or
 open(my $fh, "<:utf8", "foo.html") || die;
 $p->parse_file($fh);

DESCRIPTION

Objects of the HTML::Parser class will recognize markup and separate it from plain text (alias data content) in HTML documents. As different kinds of markup and text are recognized, the corresponding event handlers are invoked.

The document to be parsed may be supplied in arbitrary chunks. This makes on-the-fly parsing as documents are received from the network possible.

If event driven parsing does not feel right for your application, you might want to use HTML::PullParser. This is an HTML::Parser subclass that allows a more conventional program structure.

METHODS

The following method is used to construct a new HTML::Parser object:

$p = HTML::Parser->new( %options_and_handlers )

This class method creates a new HTML::Parser object and returns it. Key/value argument pairs may be provided to assign event handlers or initialize parser options. The handlers and parser options can also be set or modified later by the method calls described below.

If a top level key is in the form ``<event>_h'' (e.g., ``text_h'') then it assigns a handler to that event, otherwise it initializes a parser option. The event handler specification value must be an array reference. Multiple handlers may also be assigned with the 'handlers => [%handlers]' option. See examples below.

If new() is called without any arguments, it will create a parser that uses callback methods compatible with version 2 of HTML::Parser. See the section on ``version 2 compatibility'' below for details.

The special constructor option 'api_version => 2' can be used to initialize version 2 callbacks while still setting other options and handlers. The 'api_version => 3' option can be used if you don't want to set any options and don't want to fall back to v2 compatible mode.

Examples:

 $p = HTML::Parser->new(api_version => 3,
                        text_h => [ sub {...}, "dtext" ]);

This creates a new parser object with a text event handler subroutine that receives the original text with general entities decoded.

 $p = HTML::Parser->new(api_version => 3,
                        start_h => [ 'my_start', "self,tokens" ]);

This creates a new parser object with a start event handler method that receives the $p and the tokens array.

 $p = HTML::Parser->new(api_version => 3,
                        handlers => { text => [\@array, "event,text"],
                                      comment => [\@array, "event,text"],
                                    });

This creates a new parser object that stores the event type and the original text in @array for text and comment events.

The following methods feed the HTML document to the HTML::Parser object:

$p->parse( $string )

Parse $string as the next chunk of the HTML document. The return value is normally a reference to the parser object (i.e. $p). Handlers invoked should not attempt to modify the $string in-place until $p->parse returns.

If an invoked event handler aborts parsing by calling $p->eof, then $p->parse() will return a FALSE value.

$p->parse( $code_ref )

If a code reference is passed as the argument to be parsed, then the chunks to be parsed are obtained by invoking this function repeatedly. Parsing continues until the function returns an empty (or undefined) result. When this happens $p->eof is automatically signaled.

Parsing will also abort if one of the event handlers calls $p->eof.

The effect of this is the same as:

 while (1) {
    my $chunk = &$code_ref();
    if (!defined($chunk) || !length($chunk)) {
        $p->eof;
        return $p;
    }
    $p->parse($chunk) || return undef;
 }

But it is more efficient as this loop runs internally in XS code.

$p->parse_file( $file )

Parse text directly from a file. The $file argument can be a filename, an open file handle, or a reference to an open file handle.

If $file contains a filename and the file can't be opened, then the method returns an undefined value and $! tells why it failed. Otherwise the return value is a reference to the parser object.

If a file handle is passed as the $file argument, then the file will normally be read until EOF, but not closed.

If an invoked event handler aborts parsing by calling $p->eof, then $p->parse_file() may not have read the entire file.

On systems with multi-byte line terminators, the values passed for the offset and length argspecs may be too low if parse_file() is called on a file handle that is not in binary mode.

If a filename is passed in, then parse_file() will open the file in binary mode.

$p->eof

Signals the end of the HTML document. Calling the $p->eof method outside a handler callback will flush any remaining buffered text (which triggers the text event if there is any remaining text).

Calling $p->eof inside a handler will terminate parsing at that point and cause $p->parse to return a FALSE value. This also terminates parsing by $p->parse_file().

After $p->eof has been called, the parse() and parse_file() methods can be invoked to feed new documents with the parser object.

The return value from eof() is a reference to the parser object.

Most parser options are controlled by boolean attributes. Each boolean attribute is enabled by calling the corresponding method with a TRUE argument and disabled with a FALSE argument. The attribute value is left unchanged if no argument is given. The return value from each method is the old attribute value.

Methods that can be used to get and/or set parser options are:

$p->attr_encoded

$p->attr_encoded( $bool )

By default, the attr and @attr argspecs will have general entities for attribute values decoded. Enabling this attribute leaves entities alone.

$p->boolean_attribute_value( $val )

This method sets the value reported for boolean attributes inside HTML start tags. By default, the name of the attribute is also used as its value. This affects the values reported for tokens and attr argspecs.

$p->case_sensitive

$p->case_sensitive( $bool )

By default, tagnames and attribute names are down-cased. Enabling this attribute leaves them as found in the HTML source document.

$p->closing_plaintext

$p->closing_plaintext( $bool )

By default, ``plaintext'' element can never be closed. Everything up to the end of the document is parsed in CDATA mode. This historical behaviour is what at least MSIE does. Enabling this attribute makes closing ``</plaintext>'' tag effective and the parsing process will resume after seeing this tag. This emulates gecko-based browsers.

$p->empty_element_tags

$p->empty_element_tags( $bool )

By default, empty element tags are not recognized as such and the ``/'' before ``>'' is just treated like a normal name character (unless strict_names is enabled). Enabling this attribute make HTML::Parser recognize these tags.

Empty element tags look like start tags, but end with the character sequence ``/>'' instead of ``>''. When recognized by HTML::Parser they cause an artificial end event in addition to the start event. The text for the artificial end event will be empty and the tokenpos array will be undefined even though the the token array will have one element containing the tag name.

$p->marked_sections

$p->marked_sections( $bool )

By default, section markings like <![CDATA[...]]> are treated like ordinary text. When this attribute is enabled section markings are honoured.

There are currently no events associated with the marked section markup, but the text can be returned as skipped_text.

$p->strict_comment

$p->strict_comment( $bool )

By default, comments are terminated by the first occurrence of ``-->''. This is the behaviour of most popular browsers (like Mozilla, Opera and MSIE), but it is not correct according to the official HTML standard. Officially, you need an even number of ``--'' tokens before the closing ``>'' is recognized and there may not be anything but whitespace between an even and an odd ``--''.

The official behaviour is enabled by enabling this attribute.

Enabling of 'strict_comment' also disables recognizing these forms as comments:

  </ comment>
  <! comment>

$p->strict_end

$p->strict_end( $bool )

By default, attributes and other junk are allowed to be present on end tags in a manner that emulates MSIE's behaviour.

The official behaviour is enabled with this attribute. If enabled, only whitespace is allowed between the tagname and the final ``>''.

$p->strict_names

$p->strict_names( $bool )

By default, almost anything is allowed in tag and attribute names. This is the behaviour of most popular browsers and allows us to parse some broken tags with invalid attribute values like:

   <IMG SRC=newprevlstGr.gif ALT=[PREV LIST] BORDER=0>

By default, ``LIST]'' is parsed as a boolean attribute, not as part of the ALT value as was clearly intended. This is also what Mozilla sees.

The official behaviour is enabled by enabling this attribute. If enabled, it will cause the tag above to be reported as text since ``LIST]'' is not a legal attribute name.

$p->unbroken_text

$p->unbroken_text( $bool )

By default, blocks of text are given to the text handler as soon as possible (but the parser takes care always to break text at a boundary between whitespace and non-whitespace so single words and entities can always be decoded safely). This might create breaks that make it hard to do transformations on the text. When this attribute is enabled, blocks of text are always reported in one piece. This will delay the text event until the following (non-text) event has been recognized by the parser.

Note that the offset argspec will give you the offset of the first segment of text and length is the combined length of the segments. Since there might be ignored tags in between, these numbers can't be used to directly index in the original document file.

$p->utf8_mode

$p->utf8_mode( $bool )

Enable this option when parsing raw undecoded UTF-8. This tells the parser that the entities expanded for strings reported by attr, @attr and dtext should be expanded as decoded UTF-8 so they end up compatible with the surrounding text.

If utf8_mode is enabled then it is an error to pass strings containing characters with code above 255 to the parse() method, and the parse() method will croak if you try.

Example: The Unicode character ``\x{2665}'' is ``\xE2\x99\xA5'' when UTF-8 encoded. The character can also be represented by the entity ``&hearts;'' or ``&#x2665''. If we feed the parser:

  $p->parse("\xE2\x99\xA5♥");

then dtext will be reported as ``\xE2\x99\xA5\x{2665}'' without utf8_mode enabled, but as ``\xE2\x99\xA5\xE2\x99\xA5'' when enabled. The later string is what you want.

This option is only available with perl-5.8 or better.

$p->xml_mode

$p->xml_mode( $bool )

Enabling this attribute changes the parser to allow some XML constructs. This enables the behaviour controlled by individually by the case_sensitive, empty_element_tags, strict_names and xml_pic attributes and also suppresses special treatment of elements that are parsed as CDATA for HTML.

$p->xml_pic

$p->xml_pic( $bool )

By default, processing instructions are terminated by ``>''. When this attribute is enabled, processing instructions are terminated by ``?>'' instead.

As markup and text is recognized, handlers are invoked. The following method is used to set up handlers for different events:

$p->handler( event => \&subroutine, $argspec )

$p->handler( event => $method_name, $argspec )

$p->handler( event => \@accum, $argspec )

$p->handler( event => ``'' );

$p->handler( event => undef );

$p->handler( event );

This method assigns a subroutine, method, or array to handle an event.

Event is one of text, start, end, declaration, comment, process, start_document, end_document or default.

The \&subroutine is a reference to a subroutine which is called to handle the event.

The $method_name is the name of a method of $p which is called to handle the event.

The @accum is an array that will hold the event information as sub-arrays.

If the second argument is ``'', the event is ignored. If it is undef, the default handler is invoked for the event.

The $argspec is a string that describes the information to be reported for the event. Any requested information that does not apply to a specific event is passed as undef. If argspec is omitted, then it is left unchanged.

The return value from $p->handler is the old callback routine or a reference to the accumulator array.

Any return values from handler callback routines/methods are always ignored. A handler callback can request parsing to be aborted by invoking the $p->eof method. A handler callback is not allowed to invoke the $p->parse() or $p->parse_file() method. An exception will be raised if it tries.

Examples:

    $p->handler(start =>  "start", 'self, attr, attrseq, text' );

This causes the ``start'' method of object $p to be called for 'start' events. The callback signature is $p->start(\%attr, \@attr_seq, $text).

    $p->handler(start =>  \&start, 'attr, attrseq, text' );

This causes subroutine start() to be called for 'start' events. The callback signature is start(\%attr, \@attr_seq, $text).

    $p->handler(start =>  \@accum, '"S", attr, attrseq, text' );

This causes 'start' event information to be saved in @accum. The array elements will be ['S', \%attr, \@attr_seq, $text].

   $p->handler(start => "");

This causes 'start' events to be ignored. It also suppresses invocations of any default handler for start events. It is in most cases equivalent to $p->handler(start => sub {}), but is more efficient. It is different from the empty-sub-handler in that skipped_text is not reset by it.

   $p->handler(start => undef);

This causes no handler to be associated with start events. If there is a default handler it will be invoked.

Filters based on tags can be set up to limit the number of events reported. The main bottleneck during parsing is often the huge number of callbacks made from the parser. Applying filters can improve performance significantly.

The following methods control filters:

$p->ignore_elements( @tags )

Both the start event and the end event as well as any events that would be reported in between are suppressed. The ignored elements can contain nested occurrences of itself. Example:

   $p->ignore_elements(qw(script style));

The script and style tags will always nest properly since their content is parsed in CDATA mode. For most other tags ignore_elements must be used with caution since HTML is often not well formed.

$p->ignore_tags( @tags )

Any start and end events involving any of the tags given are suppressed. To reset the filter (i.e. don't suppress any start and end events), call ignore_tags without an argument.

$p->report_tags( @tags )

Any start and end events involving any of the tags not given are suppressed. To reset the filter (i.e. report all start and end events), call report_tags without an argument.

Internally, the system has two filter lists, one for report_tags and one for ignore_tags, and both filters are applied. This effectively gives ignore_tags precedence over report_tags.

Examples:

   $p->ignore_tags(qw(style));
   $p->report_tags(qw(script style));

results in only script events being reported.

Argspec

Argspec is a string containing a comma-separated list that describes the information reported by the event. The following argspec identifier names can be used:

attr

Attr causes a reference to a hash of attribute name/value pairs to be passed.

Boolean attributes' values are either the value set by $p->boolean_attribute_value, or the attribute name if no value has been set by $p->boolean_attribute_value.

This passes undef except for start events.

Unless xml_mode or case_sensitive is enabled, the attribute names are forced to lower case.

General entities are decoded in the attribute values and one layer of matching quotes enclosing the attribute values is removed.

The Unicode character set is assumed for entity decoding. With Perl version 5.6 or earlier only the Latin-1 range is supported, and entities for characters outside the range 0..255 are left unchanged.

@attr

Basically the same as attr, but keys and values are passed as individual arguments and the original sequence of the attributes is kept. The parameters passed will be the same as the @attr calculated here:

   @attr = map { $_ => $attr->{$_} } @$attrseq;

assuming $attr and $attrseq here are the hash and array passed as the result of attr and attrseq argspecs.

This passes no values for events besides start.

attrseq

Attrseq causes a reference to an array of attribute names to be passed. This can be useful if you want to walk the attr hash in the original sequence.

This passes undef except for start events.

Unless xml_mode or case_sensitive is enabled, the attribute names are forced to lower case.

column

Column causes the column number of the start of the event to be passed. The first column on a line is 0.

dtext

Dtext causes the decoded text to be passed. General entities are automatically decoded unless the event was inside a CDATA section or was between literal start and end tags (script, style, xmp, and plaintext).

The Unicode character set is assumed for entity decoding. With Perl version 5.6 or earlier only the Latin-1 range is supported, and entities for characters outside the range 0..255 are left unchanged.

This passes undef except for text events.

event

Event causes the event name to be passed.

The event name is one of text, start, end, declaration, comment, process, start_document or end_document.

is_cdata

Is_cdata causes a TRUE value to be passed if the event is inside a CDATA section or between literal start and end tags (script, style, xmp, and plaintext).

if the flag is FALSE for a text event, then you should normally either use dtext or decode the entities yourself before the text is processed further.

length

Length causes the number of bytes of the source text of the event to be passed.

line

Line causes the line number of the start of the event to be passed. The first line in the document is 1. Line counting doesn't start until at least one handler requests this value to be reported.

offset

Offset causes the byte position in the HTML document of the start of the event to be passed. The first byte in the document has offset 0.

offset_end

Offset_end causes the byte position in the HTML document of the end of the event to be passed. This is the same as offset + length.

self

Self causes the current object to be passed to the handler. If the handler is a method, this must be the first element in the argspec.

An alternative to passing self as an argspec is to register closures that capture $self by themselves as handlers. Unfortunately this creates circular references which prevent the HTML::Parser object from being garbage collected. Using the self argspec avoids this problem.

skipped_text

Skipped_text returns the concatenated text of all the events that have been skipped since the last time an event was reported. Events might be skipped because no handler is registered for them or because some filter applies. Skipped text also includes marked section markup, since there are no events that can catch it.

If an ""-handler is registered for an event, then the text for this event is not included in skipped_text. Skipped text both before and after the ""-event is included in the next reported skipped_text.

tag

Same as tagname, but prefixed with ``/'' if it belongs to an end event and ``!'' for a declaration. The tag does not have any prefix for start events, and is in this case identical to tagname.

tagname

This is the element name (or generic identifier in SGML jargon) for start and end tags. Since HTML is case insensitive, this name is forced to lower case to ease string matching.

Since XML is case sensitive, the tagname case is not changed when xml_mode is enabled. The same happens if the case_sensitive attribute is set.

The declaration type of declaration elements is also passed as a tagname, even if that is a bit strange. In fact, in the current implementation tagname is identical to token0 except that the name may be forced to lower case.

token0

Token0 causes the original text of the first token string to be passed. This should always be the same as $tokens->[0].

For declaration events, this is the declaration type.

For start and end events, this is the tag name.

For process and non-strict comment events, this is everything inside the tag.

This passes undef if there are no tokens in the event.

tokenpos

Tokenpos causes a reference to an array of token positions to be passed. For each string that appears in tokens, this array contains two numbers. The first number is the offset of the start of the token in the original text and the second number is the length of the token.

Boolean attributes in a start event will have (0,0) for the attribute value offset and length.

This passes undef if there are no tokens in the event (e.g., text) and for artificial end events triggered by empty element tags.

If you are using these offsets and lengths to modify text, you should either work from right to left, or be very careful to calculate the changes to the offsets.

tokens

Tokens causes a reference to an array of token strings to be passed. The strings are exactly as they were found in the original text, no decoding or case changes are applied.

For declaration events, the array contains each word, comment, and delimited string starting with the declaration type.

For comment events, this contains each sub-comment. If $p->strict_comments is disabled, there will be only one sub-comment.

For start events, this contains the original tag name followed by the attribute name/value pairs. The values of boolean attributes will be either the value set by $p->boolean_attribute_value, or the attribute name if no value has been set by $p->boolean_attribute_value.

For end events, this contains the original tag name (always one token).

For process events, this contains the process instructions (always one token).

This passes undef for text events.

text

Text causes the source text (including markup element delimiters) to be passed.

undef

Pass an undefined value. Useful as padding where the same handler routine is registered for multiple events.

'...'

A literal string of 0 to 255 characters enclosed in single (') or double (``) quotes is passed as entered.

The whole argspec string can be wrapped up in '@{...}' to signal that the resulting event array should be flattened. This only makes a difference if an array reference is used as the handler target. Consider this example:

   $p->handler(text => [], 'text');
   $p->handler(text => [], '@{text}']);

With two text events; "foo", "bar"; then the first example will end up with [[``foo''], [``bar'']] and the second with [``foo'', ``bar''] in the handler target array.

Events

Handlers for the following events can be registered:

comment

This event is triggered when a markup comment is recognized.

Example:

  <!-- This is a comment -- -- So is this -->

declaration

This event is triggered when a markup declaration is recognized.

For typical HTML documents, the only declaration you are likely to find is <!DOCTYPE ...>.

Example:

  <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01//EN"
  "http://www.w3.org/TR/html40/strict.dtd">

DTDs inside <!DOCTYPE ...> will confuse HTML::Parser.

default

This event is triggered for events that do not have a specific handler. You can set up a handler for this event to catch stuff you did not want to catch explicitly.

end

This event is triggered when an end tag is recognized.

Example:

  </A>

end_document

This event is triggered when $p->eof is called and after any remaining text is flushed. There is no document text associated with this event.

process

This event is triggered when a processing instructions markup is recognized.

The format and content of processing instructions are system and application dependent.

Examples:

  <? HTML processing instructions >
  <? XML processing instructions ?>

start

This event is triggered when a start tag is recognized.

Example:

  <A HREF="http://www.perl.com/">

start_document

This event is triggered before any other events for a new document. A handler for it can be used to initialize stuff. There is no document text associated with this event.

text

This event is triggered when plain text (characters) is recognized. The text may contain multiple lines. A sequence of text may be broken between several text events unless $p->unbroken_text is enabled.

The parser will make sure that it does not break a word or a sequence of whitespace between two text events.

Unicode

The HTML::Parser can parse Unicode strings when running under perl-5.8 or better. If Unicode is passed to $p->parse() then chunks of Unicode will be reported to the handlers. The offset and length argspecs will also report their position in terms of characters.

It is safe to parse raw undecoded UTF-8 if you either avoid decoding entities and make sure to not use argspecs that do, or enable the utf8_mode for the parser. Parsing of undecoded UTF-8 might be useful when parsing from a file where you need the reported offsets and lengths to match the byte offsets in the file.

If a filename is passed to $p->parse_file() then the file will be read in binary mode. This will be fine if the file contains only ASCII or Latin-1 characters. If the file contains UTF-8 encoded text then care must be taken when decoding entities as described in the previous paragraph, but better is to open the file with the UTF-8 layer so that it is decoded properly:

   open(my $fh, "<:utf8", "index.html") || die "...: $!";
   $p->parse_file($fh);

If the file contains text encoded in a charset besides ASCII, Latin-1 or UTF-8 then decoding will always be needed.

VERSION 2 COMPATIBILITY

When an HTML::Parser object is constructed with no arguments, a set of handlers is automatically provided that is compatible with the old HTML::Parser version 2 callback methods.

This is equivalent to the following method calls:

   $p->handler(start   => "start",   "self, tagname, attr, attrseq, text");
   $p->handler(end     => "end",     "self, tagname, text");
   $p->handler(text    => "text",    "self, text, is_cdata");
   $p->handler(process => "process", "self, token0, text");
   $p->handler(comment =>
             sub {
                 my($self, $tokens) = @_;
                 for (@$tokens) {$self->comment($_);}},
             "self, tokens");
   $p->handler(declaration =>
             sub {
                 my $self = shift;
                 $self->declaration(substr($_[0], 2, -1));},
             "self, text");

Setting up these handlers can also be requested with the ``api_version => 2'' constructor option.

SUBCLASSING

The HTML::Parser class is subclassable. Parser objects are plain hashes and HTML::Parser reserves only hash keys that start with ``_hparser''. The parser state can be set up by invoking the init() method, which takes the same arguments as new().

EXAMPLES

The first simple example shows how you might strip out comments from an HTML document. We achieve this by setting up a comment handler that does nothing and a default handler that will print out anything else:

  use HTML::Parser;
  HTML::Parser->new(default_h => [sub { print shift }, 'text'],
                    comment_h => [""],
                   )->parse_file(shift || die) || die $!;

An alternative implementation is:

  use HTML::Parser;
  HTML::Parser->new(end_document_h => [sub { print shift },
                                       'skipped_text'],
                    comment_h      => [""],
                   )->parse_file(shift || die) || die $!;

This will in most cases be much more efficient since only a single callback will be made.

The next example prints out the text that is inside the <title> element of an HTML document. Here we start by setting up a start handler. When it sees the title start tag it enables a text handler that prints any text found and an end handler that will terminate parsing as soon as the title end tag is seen:

  use HTML::Parser ();

  sub start_handler
  {
    return if shift ne "title";
    my $self = shift;
    $self->handler(text => sub { print shift }, "dtext");
    $self->handler(end  => sub { shift->eof if shift eq "title"; },
                           "tagname,self");
  }

  my $p = HTML::Parser->new(api_version => 3);
  $p->handler( start => \&start_handler, "tagname,self");
  $p->parse_file(shift || die) || die $!;
  print "\n";

More examples are found in the eg/ directory of the HTML-Parser distribution: the program hrefsub shows how you can edit all links found in a document; the program htextsub shows how to edit the text only; the program hstrip shows how you can strip out certain tags/elements and/or attributes; and the program htext show how to obtain the plain text, but not any script/style content.

You can browse the eg/ directory online from the [Browse] link on the http://search.cpan.org/~gaas/HTML-Parser/ page.

BUGS

The <style> and <script> sections do not end with the first ``</'', but need the complete corresponding end tag. The standard behaviour is not really practical.

When the strict_comment option is enabled, we still recognize comments where there is something other than whitespace between even and odd ``--'' markers.

Once $p->boolean_attribute_value has been set, there is no way to restore the default behaviour.

There is currently no way to get both quote characters into the same literal argspec.

Empty tags, e.g. ``<>'' and ``</>'', are not recognized. SGML allows them to repeat the previous start tag or close the previous start tag respectively.

NET tags, e.g. ``code/.../'' are not recognized. This is SGML shorthand for ``<code>...</code>''.

Unclosed start or end tags, e.g. ``<tt<b>...</b</tt>'' are not recognized.

DIAGNOSTICS

 Copyright 1996-2006 Gisle Aas. All rights reserved.
 Copyright 1999-2000 Michael A. Chase.  All rights reserved.